Today's Topics: 

We finished our examination of Gilgamesh during the first half of class, then took Test 2: The Age of Aries. If you missed today's test, I need you to take the make-up either on Monday or Tuesday after the break (March 13th or 14th).

The Epic of Gilgamesh

After defeating Humbaba, floating the timber downstream, and building the protective wall around Uruk, the goddess of love and war, Ishtar (Inanna), decides to make Gilgamesh her consort.  However, he flatly turns her down, mostly due to her reputation.  She has destroyed the lives of many men, including Dumuzi, and has reduced them to nothingness.  The section describes six total husbands of Ishtar who have all met grim fates, including the bird whose wing was broken, the lion cast into the lion pit, and the shepherd who was changed into a wolf, amongst others.

Although we can understand Gilgamesh's decision to reject Ishtar, notice that he once again fights against the feminine forces (first Nature, now the Nature Goddess).  Ishtar is the Goddess of both love and war (among other things, including procreation, fertility, etc.).  Why do love and war walk hand-in-hand?  Perhaps we fight for that which we love the most.  Just watch two guys fight over a girl (or two girls over a guy).  We would not fight a war unless we love someone (or something) enough to take action.  Also, by rejecting Ishtar's treatment of Dumuzi, Gilgamesh once again proves that he is NOT viewing the world in balance, since he ignores the female metaphors (through a man's eye, Dumuzi was killed by Inanna, but a feminine perspective recognizes and admires the changes that he has gone through).

After Gilgamesh's refusal, Ishtar complains to her father, Anu, and seeks his help to destroy Gilgamesh.  Anu grants his daughter the Great Bull of Heaven to corrupt the land as a punishment for Gilgamesh's and Enkidu's actions.   She is allowed to send down to earth the Bull of Heaven, which symbolizes a seven-year drought.  However, Gilgamesh and Enkidu each defeat this beast, sending the other gods into confusion.  The bull and cow are common fertility symbols, and they usually represent life, not death.  However, remember that this bull belongs to "heaven."  Recall from the Adapa story that the Sumerians used the same word to mean both "heaven" and "death," meaning that this particular bull will represent heaven/death.  In other words, he represents drought.  Imagine a bull standing in the desert sands, snorting and kicking up dust clouds (drought).

How can these mortals dictate to Nature what will be?  Notice that Gilgamesh seems to be attacking women and the female forces very consistently.  Even Enkidu becomes more brash, yelling insults toward Ishtar.  At one point, Enkidu rips off one of the legs of the Bull and tosses it up into the heavens as an insult to Ishtar.  This part of the story explains to the children of Mesopotamia why one leg in the constellation Taurus (the Bull) hangs lower than the other one (remember that this epic recalls a narrative version of the stars).

At this point, we should notice that Nature (woman) has been defeated at every turn -- Enkidu has been transformed from nature to civilized, Humbaba was executed, trees were cut down, and the Great Bull of Heaven was slaughtered in front of the gods.  Therefore, a good question to ask here is, "What has Gilgamesh learned?"  If he was supposed to warm up to the side of Nature, it obviously didn't work, since Gilgamesh is more steadfast in his masculinity than ever before.

Enkidu has two frightening dreams.  The first shows the great gods discussing what they should do about Enkidu.  They decide that either he or Gilgamesh must die.  They choose Enkidu, partly because he has deviated from his nature (plus, Gilgamesh helps to glorify the gods by building temples, etc.).  When he tells Gilgamesh his dream, Gilgamesh becomes emotional and denies Enkidu's interpretations.  That's when Enkidu begins to insult those characters who helped him to attain his lofty presence.  He first curses the hunter, since the hunter was the one who brought Shamhat to the woods.  Next he blames this sacred prostitute for culturing him.  He curses their futures, praying for destruction and pain in the lives of these people.

Shamash, the sun god, then intervenes and tells Enkidu to grow up and accept his fate.  After all, because of the hunter and the harlot, Enkidu was able to experience things that he never would have been able to do before, such as wear royal clothes, eat excellently prepared food, seek human companionship with Gilgamesh, attain the status of a hero for successfully bringing the pine lumber to Uruk, etc.  Really, Enkidu has lived a good and meaningful life (albeit a short one), but now is his time to die.  We are all given the gift of life from the gods -- without asking for it -- so we have nothing to complain about.

Enkidu's second dream takes him into the Underworld, where he describes the dusty dim nature of the time spent beyond life on earth. Tables XII at the end of the epic explores this idea further, although no real action takes place to discuss. We have already seen the Underworld, so we can overlook the twelfth tablet in our discussion of Gilgamesh.

Look at Gilgamesh as being on the side of civilization, and look at Enkidu on the side of Nature.  When Enkidu is transformed into a civilized man by Shamhat, he rejects his Nature side, crossing the isthmus into the opposite realm (remember the isthmus reference from the Alexander Pope poem Essay on Man).  This is why he is out of balance, and why he must die rather than Gilgamesh.

By killing Humbaba, Enkidu has effectively killed his own essence and heritage.  In the process, he has assumed more of Gilgamesh's mannerisms and outlooks on life.  Originally, Enkidu was created help balance Gilgamesh, but by the middle of the story, both Gilgamesh and Enkidu are firmly on the side of society.  Also, since Humbaba has now been killed, what remains on the other side of the duality?  Not much, which is why the gods must balance this out before society overtakes Nature completely, which would kill both sides in the process.  Maybe we learn that we can never run away from our God-given attributes, lest we violate the beauty of our intended place on the spectrum.  Perhaps the Parable of the Talents applies here too.

Maybe this episode of Enkidu's death explains that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.  Mess with Nature ... and she'll mess with you too!  When Enkidu dies, Gilgamesh sees himself lying there.  He mourns for a week. He bolts the door, trashes his home, pulls out his hair, and grieves over the decaying body of his friend. 

This is a good place to introduce one final concept regarding the hero's journey: the difference between the false journey and the proper journey. Often, we travel down a path in life that we think is appropriate, but we may later find out that it was the wrong path to take, and that we may have wasted our time by traveling down the wrong road. For example, a student may pursue a degree in a field, only to determine after receiving his diploma that he really should have majored in something else. It's not that the false journey is a complete waste, but it may delay our ability to achieve our true calling in life.

Gilgamesh has realized that killing Humbaba has its consequences, and that Enkidu's death is a direct result of Gilgamesh's arrogance and ambitions. Had they not bothered Humbaba, Enkidu would have still been alive. After realizing this terrible turn of events, Gilgamesh will now devote his life to his more proper journey -- the search for the power to bring his friend back from the dead.  This journey is really his most important one, since he must learn the lessons of life that have not yet sunken in. Gilgamesh must set forth on the journey that he should have been on all along -- the quest for eternal life -- the ultimate spiritual journey.  He now embarks on a more dangerous journey to the other side of the world to talk with the only man who was granted eternal life -- Utnapishtim, the Faraway ("He who saw everything," also known to us as Atrahasis or Noah).

Having undergone the loss of his companion, Gilgamesh is clearly distraught.  He is unkempt, dirty, and haggard looking, wearing torn lion skins and walking around in a daze.  Finally, he is able to feel the pain of someone else -- Enkidu.  Joseph Campbell discusses that the word "compassion" perfectly applies here.  The etymology of this word is simple: "com" means "with," and "passion" means "suffering," which we will see more clearly in the Eastern unit.  Therefore, "compassion" really means "to suffer with someone else."  In other words, you feel their pain, and you cry when they cry too.  Before, Gilgamesh only looked out for himself, but now he has a new, painful realization about life and death that he had to learn through the tragedy of Enkidu's passing.

To begin his journey, he suits up his armor and heads eastward, since the East represents life and birth (the West represents death, given that the sun "dies" each day by thrusting itself into the Western grave).  When he reaches the tunnel, he takes a brief nap to energize himself for the journey.  When he awakens, he sees two lions playing nearby.  Perhaps out of jealousy (or even pure masculine aggression), Gilgamesh slaughters these animals (ironically, the symbol of Ishtar is also the lion, suggesting that Gilgamesh is also displaying his rejection of feminine qualities here too).  Gilgamesh seems angry at Nature for allowing death to be a part of life.  His grief is deep, and he is not thinking rationally.  Since Enkidu's death, Gilgamesh is once again out of balance, allowing his angry masculine side dominate his character.  It appears to be easier to bring everyone else down with you when you are having a bad day than it is to lift yourself up.

Gilgamesh then approaches the mouth of the tunnel, but it is guarded by two Scorpion-Men (intermediaries).  These characters are also universal, used in Egyptian lore, amongst others.  They are the solar guardians of the East, preventing people from traveling into the world of eternal light (the east, the sun, etc.).  Gilgamesh, however, convinces these dark forces that he should be allowed to embark on this once-in-a-lifetime quest, and he enters the mouth of the cave.  His status as a man who is 2/3 god perhaps gives him this privilege.

By traveling through the mountain tunnel, Gilgamesh learns that from darkness comes the light.  Much like traveling through a birth canal, Gilgamesh exits through the other side where he comes to the land east of Eden (the great garden), a landscape laden with bejeweled fruit and spiky plants made from gemstones.  He has arrived at the other side of the world, where nobody lives except Utnapishtim and several assistants.  Gilgamesh is their first visitor, and he meets several characters who all tell him the same message: you will not find that which you are seeking (eternal life).

The first is Siduri, the divine wine maker, who hides in her house and locks her doors when she sees this dirty, tattered, frazzled man emerge from the mountain.  He approaches her door, tells his heroic stories, and asks her where he can find "The Far-Away," Utnapishtim, the survivor of the Great Flood.  Siduri's status as a maker of wine evokes the imagery of blood and water, both essential liquids of human life.  Perhaps Gilgamesh has come to the right place. However, Siduri tells Gilgamesh to go back home and live each day to the fullest, but he is stubborn, as we have seen him act throughout. 

Siduri tells Gilgamesh that he will not succeed in his journey to find eternal life. If you were to flip to pages 149-151 in the Dalley text, you will see that Gilgamesh has been told this many times in the story: "You will not find the eternal life you seek." He hears this from the elders of Uruk, the Scorpion Men guarding the mountain tunnel, Shamash the sun god, and now Siduri. He will continue to hear the same mantra from Urshanabi and Utnapishtim as well. She then sends Gilgamesh down the shoreline to meet a ferryman, Urshanabi, who has a magic boat than may be able to transport Gilgamesh to the Land of the Far-Away. 

He hikes his way to Urshanabi to explain his situation and to ask the ferryman for a ride to the land of Utnapishtim.  However, upon his arrival, Gilgamesh breaks Urshanabi's boat and its accompanying "things of stone." He also knocks Urshanabi upside the head in the scrum.  Is he simply frustrated?  Does he not trust what he sees anymore?  The stunned ferryman gladly agrees to transport Gilgamesh to the distant land, but first tells our hero that he has a lot of work to do building another boat. Although the boat can be rebuilt, the "things of stone" cannot be repaired (Dalley 102). These stones were magic charms that propelled the boat over the "lethal water," or the still Water of Death that surrounds the dry land, peaked by the mountain, in the Babylonian diagram of the universe. Urshanabi also instructs Gilgamesh to cut down 300 pine poles and to add "knobs" to them.  But why?

The two figures begin their water journey, which will include passing over poison waters. This has become more difficult without the use of the magic stones. Since the lethal waters cannot be touched, they won't be able to use oars, since the water would splash upward with each stoke. Since the waters circle the mountain of the Underworld, they represent the opposite of life, which is often symbolized by "wind" (also referred to as "spirit" or "life"). With no wind over the waters, they cannot use a sail either. Without the "things of stone," Gilgamesh will be forced to propel the boat across the gloomy waters for an entire month by pushing off the bottom of the waters using his 30-meter-long pine poles, being careful to discard them into the deadly waters after each stroke. He needs to continue propelling the boat in this fashion, being careful to avoid exhausting the supply of poles. 

When he runs out of poles in the middle of the sea of death, he must get creative.  Standing at the prow of the boat, arms extended, he removes his lion skins and uses them as a makeshift sail.  It somehow works, and he arrives in the land of the Far-Away after a month's journey over the treacherous sea.  When Utnapishtim looks out of his window, he can't believe his eyes that he is seeing a visitor to his home -- no one had ever visited before!

When he finally arrives at the land of the "Far-Away" (Utnapishtim), he again learns the same message -- gods live forever, but people don't.   Several characters repeat the same message to Gilgamesh: "There is no permanence," and "that which you seek you shall not find."  The holy counselors of Uruk told him this, as did the Scorpion-Men, Shamash the Sun God, Siduri (the Divine Wine Maker), Urshanabi (the ferryman), and Utnapishtim (the wisest man).  They explain to Gilgamesh that the gods, upon inventing eternal life, only granted that lot to themselves.  To people, we were granted the "gift" of death, as the days of life are numbered, but the days of death are not.  Perhaps this forces us to recognize each day as a treasure.  Each day should be filled to the fullest, with singing, dancing, and feasting (says Siduri).  Dwell more on life than on death; otherwise, your life will become death as well.

When Gilgamesh arrives at Utnapishtim's land, he becomes the first visitor to this location.  Utnapishtim's wife looks out her window, sees a strange and haggard man approaching, and tells her husband that they have company!  Once again, Gilgamesh tells his heroic tales and explains his mission.  Utnapishtim cuts him off at one point and asks Gilgamesh why he continues to grieve, especially knowing that each day spent in sadness is one fewer happy day left in life.  He essentially tells Gilgamesh to stop using his living days to dwell on his eventual death.  This is when Utnapishtim tells Gilgamesh his story of surviving the Great Flood by heeding Ea's commands spoken through his reed hut wall in a dream (see the Atrahasis story). 

Gilgamesh insists, so he is put to the test -- an attempt to stay awake for a week.  If Gilgamesh really thinks that he deserves eternal life, then he surely can stay awake for a measly week!  However, he cannot even stay awake for a minute longer, since he is so worn out.  Instead, he sleeps for a week straight after falling asleep in the middle of a conversation!  Utnapishtim's wife encourages Utnapishtim to wake the sleeping man, but Utnapishtim knows that "Man behaves badly" (116).  He suggests instead that they allow Gilgamesh to sleep, while Utnapishtim's wife bakes a loaf of bread each day and places it around Gilgamesh's head.

When Gilgamesh first awakens, he doesn't believe that he slept a wink, picking up his conversation where he had left off.  Utnapishtim stops Gil's ramblings and forces him to look at the evidence that surrounds his head -- seven loaves of bread, each in a different state of decay.  Like the bread, Gilgamesh is mortal.  Only now has he has learned his lesson.  He resigns himself to his fate, and boards the boat once again to journey back homeward.

Just then, Utnapishtim's wife scolds her husband for being a bad host, telling Utnapishtim that he has failed to give his guest a parting gift.  Unable to figure out what to give this Sumerian king, Utnapishtim offers the only gift that he has -- wisdom.  He instructs Gilgamesh how to find the Flower of Immortality at the bottom of the ocean.  Excited at the prospects, Gilgamesh ties two stones to his feet, sinks to the ocean floor (the Apsu), finds the flower, pulls it by the stem (which pricks his hands), cuts the stones free, and ascends to the surface.  Gilgamesh has found what he had been looking for -- the magic flower of immortality!  He jumps for joy in his victory!  He explains that he will offer this potion to his subjects in Uruk, starting with the oldest citizens.  Perhaps he can bring Enkidu back to life after all!

However, even though he finds this flower, he will not retain it in his possession for very long. After sailing to an island to fetch some water and to clean themselves up, Gilgamesh places this special flower on the sandy beach, but it is soon snatched away by a serpent.  The snake grabs the flower, sloughs off its skin, and slithers back into the ocean, taking the flower away forever, since mankind has not been allotted eternal life.  Notice that these three symbols are all representative of the feminine forces -- the flower, the snake, and the water.  Ultimately, Gilgamesh has to learn to accept the feminine forces so that he can live his limited life in greater balance.  In fact, this is why the serpent steals the flower -- because death is a necessary side of the life/death duality.  Without death, life is impossible to define.  Both are understood only in the contexts of each other.

The serpent here is not evil at all.  Universally speaking, the serpent has been looked at by nearly every culture as a symbol of life, displayed by the action of shedding its old skin, rebirthing into a new (and better) creature.  The snake looks like the male sex organ, but acts like the feminine forces (slithering).  Also, its tongue appears to be like fire (masculine force), while its body undulates like water (feminine force).  The snake embodies the perfect balance of these symbols of life.  The serpent keeps Gilgamesh in balance by ensuring his death.

Frustrated, tired, and dejected, Gilgamesh resigns himself to a failed journey, and he asks Urshanabi to take him home.  When Gilgamesh arrives back home in Uruk, we see him become a different man.  He is proud of his accomplishments on earth, but is no longer arrogant about them.  He realizes that his life has been filled with greatness, and that he will always be remembered.  Perhaps this is our form of immortality.  Humans do not get to live eternally (this culture did not believe in the afterlife, unlike the Egyptians), so we must perform great deeds that will be remembered for years to come.  This is called our legacy.

But wait!  Did you notice what Gilgamesh called the Flower if Immortality?  On page 119 he says that its name shall be "An old man grows into a young man."  The ancient Mesopotamians had a word that means just that: gilgamesh. If our protagonist and the flower are called the same name, then what has Gilgamesh really found?

Himself.

This suggests that people do not really begin living their lives until they finally come to grips with their own deaths.  Once you are old enough to conceive of your own nonexistence, you begin to realize that every day is precious.  Accepting death ultimately places your life into a proper and healthy perspective.  Likewise, our search for God on our spiritual quests might really be the search for ourselves and to locate (as Campbell says) "the God within."

This leads to one final allusion.  A 12th century Persian myth, called The Conference of Birds, by Farid Ud-din Attar, arrives at a similar answer.  In this tale, millions of birds embark on a journey to find the mysteries of life, the universe, and God (Allah).  They know the name of their god -- Simorgh.  As they travel, day by day, thousands of birds quit the journey, making excuses why they cannot continue ("I'm too tired," "I have things to do," etc.).  After traveling over mountains, oceans, and deserts, the remaining birds arrive at their destination.  There are only 30 birds left by this point.  They enter the cave, find the Simorgh's lair, and carefully open the door.  Slowly, they peer inside the door, and they find the Simorgh. This is what they saw:

There in the Simorgh's radiant face they saw
Themselves, the Simorgh of the world -- with awe
They gazed, and dared at last to comprehend
They were the Simorgh at the journey's end.
They see the Simorgh -- at themselves they stare,
And see a second Simorgh standing there;
They look at both and see the two are one,
That this is that, that this, the goal is won.
They ask (but inwardly; they make no sound)
The meaning of these mysteries that confound
Their puzzled ignorance -- how is it true
That "we" is not distinguished here from "you"?
And silently their shining Lord replies:
"I am a mirror set before your eyes,
And all who come before my splendor see
Themselves, their own unique reality;
You came as thirty birds and therefore saw
These selfsame thirty birds, not less nor more;
If you had come as forty, fifty -- here
An answering forty, fifty, would appear;
Though you have struggled, wandered, travelled far,
It is yourselves you see and what you are."

As they stare at their own reflections, they realize that their journey was not one in which they find some external God, but rather one in which they find themselves.  How do we know this?  Because the Arabic word "Simorgh" means "thirty birds."  All along, they were searching for their own meaning in life.

Perhaps we are doing the same.

Announcements:

The coursepackets have arrived in the KSU Bookstore! Please read the following information about acquiring them: Message about Coursepackets. Remember that I will no longer post any documents online now that the booklets are in.

The withdrawal deadline is also March 3rd, so be aware that the midpoint of the semester is today (as of this posting).

Classes resume on March 13. When we return on Friday 17 March, we will begin the Egyptian unit by introducing the Egyptian gods and goddesses. I will also show a brief video clip that will be very cool. I encourage you to purchase your coursepackets and review the list of gods and goddesses for Friday's class. There is no quiz due until the following Friday, March 24th, so take a little break from all the homework.

I will grade the tests over the break and post the new averages by March 13th.

Have a safe and relaxing Spring Break!

Due Next Time:

 

Egyptian Creation Stories (264-270)

The Destruction of Mankind (281-288)

Isis and the Name of Ra (289-292)

The Power of Myth, chapter 4 (Campbell, 113-150)

The Egyptian Natur (252)

Egyptian Gods and Goddesses (253-263)

Egyptian Hymns (271-280)

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